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Chapter 17
Appendix

17.1 Psychiatric Medications by Category

17.1.1 Antidepressants

³³

17.1.1.1 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Celexa (citalopram)

Lexapro (escitalopram)

Luvox (fluvoxamine)³⁴

Paxil (paroxetine)

Prozac and Sarafem (fluoxetine)

Zoloft (sertraline)

17.1.1.2 Other Newer Antidepressants

Cymbalta (duloxetine)

Effexor (venlafaxine)

Remeron (mirtazapine)

Symbyax (Prozac plus Zyprexa, a newer antipsychotic)

Wellbutrin and Zyban (bupropion)

17.1.1.3 Older Antidepressants (Partial List)

³⁵

Anafranil (clomipramine)

Asendin (amoxapine)³⁶

Elavil (amitriptyline)

Norpramin (desipramine)

Pamelor (nortriptyline)

Parnate (tranylcypromine)³⁷

Sinequan (doxepin)

Surmontil (trimipramine)

Tofranil (imipramine)

Vivactil (protriptyline)

17.1.2 Stimulants

17.1.2.1 Classic Stimulants

³⁸

Adderall, Adderall XR (amphetamine mixture)

Desoxyn (methamphetamine)³⁹

Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine)

Focalin, Focalin XR (dexamethylphenidate)

Ritalin, Concerta, Daytrana (methylphenidate)

Vyvanse (lisdextroamphetamine)

17.1.2.2 Others

Cylert (pemoline; no longer available)

Strattera (atomoxetine)

17.1.3 Sedative, Hypnotic, and Anxiolytic Drugs (Tranquilizers and Sleeping Pills)

⁴⁰

17.1.3.1 Benzo Tranquilizers

Ativan (lorazepam)

Klonopin (clonazepam)

Librium (chlordiazepoxide)

Serax (oxazepam)

Tranxene (chlorazepate)

Valium (diazepam)

Xanax (alprazolam)

17.1.3.2 Benzo Sleeping Pills

Dalmane (flurazepam)

Doral (quazepam)

Halcion (triazolam)

ProSom (estazolam)

Restoril (temazepam)

17.1.3.3 Non-Benzo Sleeping Pills

Ambien (zolpidem)

Lunesta (eszopiclone)

Rozerem (ramelteon)

Sonata (zaleplon)

17.1.3.4 Barbiturate Sleeping Pills

Butisol (butabarbital)

Carbrital (pentobarbital and carbromal)

Seconal (secobarbital)

17.1.4 Antipsychotic Drugs (Neuroleptics)

⁴¹

17.1.4.1 Newer (Second- or Third-Generation or Atypical) Antipsychotics

⁴²

Abilify (aripiprazole)

Clozaril (clozapine)⁴³

Geodon (ziprasidone)

Invega (paliperidone)

Risperdal (risperidone)

Seroquel (quetiapine)

Symbyax (olanzapine plus Prozac, an SSRI antidepressant)

Zyprexa (olanzapine)

17.1.4.2 Older Antipsychotic Drugs

Etrafon (antidepressant plus Trilafon)

Haldol (haloperidol)

Loxitane (loxapine)

Mellaril (thioridazine)

Moban (molindone)

Navane (thiothixene)

Prolixin (fluphenazine)

Serentil (mesoridazine)

Stelazine (trifluoperazine)

Taractan (chlorprothixene)

Thorazine (chlorpromazine)

Tindal (acetophenazine)

Trilafon (perphenazine)

Vesprin (triflupromazine)

17.1.4.3 Neuroleptics Used for Other Medical Purposes

Compazine (prochlorperazine)

Inapsine (droperidol)

Orap (pimozide)

Phenergan (promethazine)⁴⁴

Reglan (metoclopramide)

17.1.5 Lithium and Other Drugs Used as Mood Stabilizers

Depakote (divalproex sodium; antiepileptic drug)

Equetro (extended-release carbamazepine; antiepileptic drug)

Lamictal (lamotrigine; antiepileptic drug)

Lithobid, Lithotabs, Eskalith (lithium)

17.1.5.1 Off-Label or Unapproved Mood Stabilizers

Catapres (clonidine; antihypertensive drug)

Neurontin (gabapentin; antiepileptic drug)

Tegretol (carbamazapine; antiepileptic drug)

Tenex (guanfacine; antihypertensive drug)

Topamax (topiramate; antiepileptic drug)

Trileptal (oxcarbazepine; antiepileptic drug)

17.2 Author's Note about the Bibliography

This lengthy bibliography has accumulated over 25 years, starting with the initial 1983 edition titled Psychiatric Drugs: Hazards to the Brain. Instead of pruning out older citations from the text and the bibliography, nearly all of them have been kept. Most of the older citations remain scientifically valid and in general have been confirmed by subsequent research. In addition, they provide a historical perspective on the growth of knowledge about adverse drug effects on the brain and mind. Since any of the older studies are more detailed and sometimes more frank in their observations, they also provide the clinician or researcher with the opportunity to delve more deeply into the subject matter.

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Footnotes:

³³ The new Food and Drug Administration (FDA) black-box warnings apply to all antidepressants but in fact were developed based on the SSRIs and newer antidepressants, and not on the older ones.

³⁴ The brand name Luvox has been withdrawn from the market, but the drug is still available in the generic form.

³⁵ All the older antidepressants can cause psychiatric adverse drug reactions, including mania and psychosis, but they much less commonly come up in my clinical and medical legal experience. A more complete list can be found in various textbooks, especially Drug Facts and Comparisons (2007) ^[379], a readily available annual publication.

³⁶ Metabolized into a neuroleptic and should be treated as a neuroleptic in regard to its adverse effects, including tardive dyskinesia.

³⁷ A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with special adverse reactions and dangerous dietary interactions.

³⁸ All are Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Schedule II narcotics, indicating the highest risk of tolerance and dependence (addiction).

³⁹ Few people realize that doctors can prescribe methamphetamine, the deadly drug of addiction, to children for attention-deficit /hyperactivity disorder.

⁴⁰ All are DEA Schedule IV narcotics, indicating a risk of tolerance and dependence (addiction), except Rozerem.

⁴¹ All drugs listed in this subsection: Antipsychotic Drugs (Neuroleptics), can cause extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and tardive dyskinesia (TD), although Clozaril and Phenergan are weaker dopamine blockers with less of a tendency to cause these adverse effects.

⁴² Sertindole is another atypical neuroleptic currently going through the FDA approval process.

⁴³ Actually an older European drug that was revived as an atypical in the United States.

⁴⁴ Usually classified as an antihistamine but has weak neuroleptic qualities and can cause tardive dyskinesia.

Chapter 17 Appendix